Conditioned Emotional Responses

The last few Blue Cape Journal entries have focused on preparation, set ups, and training ahead of time to achieve good behavior. This month’s topic is less on behavior and more on the emotions that drive it.

So often, our focus is on what the dog is doing rather than what is going on internally. We’ve talked a lot about body language lately, and now I want to talk about some common “stress triggers”, or stimuli the dog will be exposed to that usually cause a startle or arousal response.

Our puppies get exposed to particular stimuli quite frequently in training, so planning ahead to have some meaningful exposures paired with rewards is a great strategy. Simply exposing the puppy to stimuli may not be an effective way of desensitizing the puppy; in fact, a puppy can just as easily make a negative association with stimuli if it is too overwhelming.

Your goal should be to ensure that the puppy has a positive outcome as often as possible. This is especially important with puppies who have demonstrated some sensitivity (to sounds, crowds, people, etc.). By building up lots of positive associations, you will help to minimize inevitable negative experiences. This is called a conditioned emotional response. You are conditioning the dog to have positive emotions in response to particular stimuli. With this type of conditioning, the delivery of the reward is not dependent on the dog’s behavior. Instead, it is dependent on the presence of a particular stimulus that you are seeking to make positive.

A common example is applause. The sound of applause can be quite jarring for a pup (or even an adult dog). I commonly see pups in a down/stay or otherwise resting. When the applause starts, the pup jumps up and looks around, startled. The puppy is not necessarily frightened, but he is clearly aware of the sudden sound and is trying to sort out how he feels about it. That is a great time to start doling out kibble. I like to give one kibble at a time rather than a handful; that way, I can spread 4 or 5 kibbles over the duration of the applause (instead of one lump reward).

If I had focused on the fact that the puppy got up from the down/stay and wanted him to lie back down before getting the reward, I would be missing a prime opportunity. He didn’t get up because he was distracted or forgot what he was doing. He got up because he was truly startled by the sound of applause. When I see a startle response like that (especially to sudden noise), I am more concerned with the dog’s emotional state rather than their behavior. Giving him a few kibbles, THEN asking him to lie back down will go a long way towards making him more comfortable with applause. As he gets older and more experienced with applause, I can start enforcing the down/stay. But it is especially important to be aware of initial introductions, and to give the puppy the support he needs in order to make future exposures more pleasant. Food is often the easiest way to achieve this. It is also a good check-in: if the dog won’t take food or takes it without really focusing on it, the exposure is probably too intense.

Some other exposures to think about pairing food with:

• Night time walks 
• Traffic coming from behind 
• Close or especially loud traffic 
• Garbage trucks
• Screaming children 
• Buses 
• Automatic doors 
• Shopping carts 
• Any sudden loud bang or other sharp noise 
• Restraint/nail trims 

Be more aware of what your puppy is finding concerning or startling. Any opportunity to work on improving a puppy’s conditioned emotional response is valuable.

"Proofing" for real world distractions

A question I am commonly asked is, “All of these training set-ups are nice, but how do I deal with distractions in ‘real life’ with the puppy?” My answer is always, “With more set-ups!”

Training around distractions is also known as “proofing”. When you are in the proofing stages, you are taking trained behaviors and adding varying distractions. You do this expecting that the dog’s performance will falter. The dog has to learn how to perform the behaviors in the presence of things that will capture their attention.

The most effective proofing happens in small steps. You don’t want to teach a loose leash walk in your driveway, then go to the farmer’s market the next day and try to achieve the same behavior around novel objects, food spilled on the ground, and people cooing at your puppy. Instead, you want to take out some of the puppy’s toys into the driveway and work around those. Or put the treat bag on the ground and teach the puppy how to walk around it. Or have a family member come outside and sit on the ground. (Note: you do not want to introduce all of these at the same time; take it one distraction at a time in the beginning)

Before you ever take the puppy on an outing, it is a good idea to practice obedience around distractions at home. If the puppy can’t behave in his familiar environment with planted distractions, he is not ready for “real world” distractions yet. A new environment and unplanned distractions will only be more stressful and frustrating.

This month, I’m working Idunn around toys and food. She tends to scavenge, and she is also very attuned to movement. So I start with stationary toys, then progress to tossing toys. I later toss food as well (not shown in video). The challenges get harder only as she shows understanding and progress. If she had struggled with the toys on the ground, we would have just started with that, at a distance, and not moved to tossed toys in this session. I also allow her to sniff the toys on the ground, because she is not snatching them, and she also seems a little unsure. As long as she is not getting into trouble, I don’t mind her checking them out.

She is also a great lesson in body language. Idunn absolutely loves to learn, is having fun, and nothing bad happens to her in this session. But learning is stressful! Watch for lip licking in particular. Notice the tension and occasional compression. And she has several big reactions when I go to pet her; she is revved up, and petting is NOT rewarding to her at this time! She is actively avoiding my hand. If I tried to use petting as a reward, she would actually see it as a punishment. Many dogs (including my personal dog) don’t enjoy being touched when they are working. They are already in a state of “drive” and arousal; petting is an overdose of stimuli. Idunn works much better for praise and food. Other dogs may lean in closer to you when you pet them as a reward. They will tell you what they find rewarding! Every dog is different, and Idunn’s body language is (repeatedly) trying to tell me that she is not in the mood (sometimes it takes me some time to get the memo).

This whole set-up is designed to challenge Idunn in a manageable way. Some toys may be more difficult than others; movement certainly adds a level of difficulty. But she remains able to focus on me and work. That is important. That lets me know that the scenario is not too challenging for her. If you try this with your puppy and they are yanking all over the place, then it is too difficult. Be sure that the dog can walk nicely without any distractions first, then add in a single distraction at a distance. Start simple and keep the session brief. Then try it again the next day. The more set-ups and creative distractions you try, the better the puppy will understand how to deal with challenging environments. You will also know what to expect and can be prepared. What is it you would like the puppy to do instead of jumping/lunging? Train the puppy to do that around low level distractions first before you ever take it on the road.

Distraction set-ups/proofing from Southeastern Guide Dogs on Vimeo.

Meeting/dog distractions

One of the most challenging parts of raising a puppy is dealing with behavior at meetings. Most puppies are distracted by other dogs, and they quickly learn that meetings are an exciting, dog-filled adventure.

When dealing with any distraction or problem behavior, you want to break it down into more manageable levels. Trying to train a puppy at the height of his distraction is often counter-productive if you have not worked on the behaviors in a less intense environment.

Most distractions can be divided into four or so levels. If arriving at a puppy raiser meeting is a level 4 distraction, working backwards can help you arrange a training plan. Every dog will have different individual triggers/difficulties, but this is a typical breakdown for a dog who has a hard time at meetings:

Level 4: Arrival at puppy raising meeting. Even if the puppy has been well exercised, the puppy has been recharged by the restful car ride and is very excited by all of the other puppies arriving and moving around.

Level 3: 30 minutes into the puppy meeting, when the initial excitement has died down and the other pups are settled or are working with their handlers.

Level 2: A group of dogs/people (at a reasonable distance) that the dog is not familiar with.

Level 1: A group of people without dogs.

Baseline level of obedience: at home with no distractions.

So what level is your puppy able to perform his baseline behaviors? Let’s say you have a puppy who at level 1 is very well-behaved and responsive to commands. But at level 2, he gets a little sloppier, tends to jump and lunge more, although he quickly recovers. Even though he is mostly “fine” at level 2, you are seeing some of the same underlying distraction that is present at a meeting.

Remember that dogs do not generalize well. So how did you teach the puppy to behave at level 1? You probably used food, praise, luring, and lots of encouragement and patience, all while keeping the puppy under his distraction threshold. So at level 2, you need to do the same thing until you are getting crisper responses. If the dog has a nice “heel” at level 1, but he gets crooked and slower at level 2, it is not because the dog is lazy. He hasn’t been taught how to focus and perform properly in that situation. He isn’t “wrong”; he doesn’t have the skills yet to work in that kind of environment. So at that level, where he is just somewhat distracted, lure him a few times to help him find that nice, precise “heel” position. Work on loose leash manners and practice collar pressure protocol. Start only rewarding the best responses.

It is far more beneficial to do little 5 minute training sessions around very mild distractions than to only seek out big distractions and do long obedience sessions. So even if the pup is behaving reasonably well around a mild distraction, use it as an opportunity to work on increasing focus and precision for a few minutes.

When you arrive at a meeting, know that the puppy’s behavior is going to be difficult to manage. You’re at a level 4 distraction: your goal is to stand at a distance where your puppy can control himself at least somewhat. Reward him any time he offers you any attention and walk around with him frequently (revved up puppies tend to calm down faster if they are allowed move their bodies, rather than trying to focus on a “stay”). After he has had some time to settle down (and is headed towards level 3), you can gradually ask him for more behaviors. Remember how you gave him guidance at level 2? Try to recreate that as you achieve some focus from your pup. Be patient; this takes time!

In this month’s video, I am working with Cadillac, who has a fairly intense dog distraction. He is not a very high-energy dog (you can see him become very tired as the training sessions go on), but he does have significant strength when he lunges. We use a low energy dog as a distraction; even though Myra the collie is supremely uninterested in Cadillac, he still is highly distracted by her (even at a distance). This would be about a level 3 distraction.

Dog distraction work from Southeastern Guide Dogs on Vimeo.

So in the beginning of the session (0:58), we just stand and watch the collie. Cadillac stares but doesn’t lunge. I offer him a treat and he takes it, but doesn’t connect with me. At 1:21, a full 23 seconds later, he finally disconnects from Myra. That 23 seconds feels like a very long time when you are standing there with a puppy, but in the grand scheme of the training session, that was nothing.

The training sessions are spent rewarding attention. I am allowing Cadillac to move and sniff if he would like to, but he sometimes starts the “zoomies” (tucking his butt and running around like a crazy dog). Dogs often use “zoomies” as stress or excitement relief, but that is no good when the pup is on leash. You’ll see me shorten the leash and become stationary in order to prevent him from continuing to zoom and hurt himself or me (in particular at 4:50). After he stops, I immediately redirect him for a chance to earn a reward. He responds beautifully to collar pressure.

When I progress to getting closer to the other dog, I begin treating more frequently and “chatting” with Cadillac as a reward. If he is looking at me, I quietly tell him how wonderful he is for ignoring the other dog and he gets cookies. If he disconnects from me, I disconnect from him.

Dog distraction work part 2 from Southeastern Guide Dogs on Vimeo.

We take a break for about 10 minutes. At the start of session 2, you can see that Cadillac has slowed down his pace, is panting heavily, and is pretty clearly tired (and sniffy). That doesn’t stop him from lunging when we get close. Expecting a puppy to not lunge is unrealistic. When he does a hard lunge bordering on frantic zoomies, I tighten up and shorten the leash again. He immediately reconnects with me and sits, which gets him a reward. He has learned that collar pressure means good things are coming for him, so it is successful in both interrupting and redirecting his behavior.

When he gives him some nice attention, I do allow him to greet Myra. He clobbers her, and she expresses her displeasure fairly. You can see him respect her space a bit more after that. This sequence will have to be repeated over and over again. I would expect the puppy to make progress, then back track, then eventually make progress again. Breaking down our training sessions into more manageable pieces is the key to making long-term progress. Try not to miss opportunities just because they are very mild: if you pass a neighbor’s house with a barking dog, or bushes that you know other dogs have pottied on, those are low level dog distractions. You will probably see a change in your puppy’s energy, speed, or sniffing distractions. Stop and work on it. Teach the puppy the behavior you want, then move on. The more practice you get, the more progress the pup will make.

Collar pressure protocol - Problem solving: Jumping

Over the last few months, we have discussed the basics of teaching a collar pressure response. There are several useful applications of this method that help to teach appropriate responses. It also helps to prevent the need for harsh corrections.

Jumping at home

There are several ways to use collar pressure response to your advantage. If the puppy is jumping on you and mouthing, gently taking a hold of the collar (or put him on a short leash) and redirecting the puppy into a SIT will often calm him down greatly. If the puppy jumps, keep pressure downward to prevent the puppy from being able to continue leaping wildly. The goal is not to force him into a position, but rather to limit his movements to keep him from continuing to escalate.

When you first start working on this, go get a treat or toy reward once the puppy SITs. Many puppies who jump are overexcited or overstimulated, and trying to use praise as a reward often will rev him right back up again. By contrast, if you walk over to the cabinet to get the dog a treat after he SITs, he is focused on the possibility of a reward, rather than continuing to leap for attention.

There are many ways to raise the bar to continue to calm him further. You can tell him to SIT and then STAY; he has to hold his STAY until you return to him with the treat. This is tough and will take a lot of practice. Do not correct the dog when he gets up; simply bring him back to the original position and try the STAY again.

Other puppies may benefit from a game of fetch as a reward. Get a Kong as a reward and toss it a few times. This will help expel some energy as the dog moves away from you to chase the toy (rather than leaping back up on you wildly).

Jumping on strangers 

One of the best parts about collar pressure is that it helps with management. There are situations that you may find yourself in where the puppy starts jumping or lunging on the leash before you have a chance to react or redirect him. Dogs with a history of collar pressure protocol recover attention on the handler MUCH faster than dogs who haven’t.

If you have a jumping dog, set him up in a SIT in heel position with a loose but short leash. Have a “stranger” come up towards you and the puppy. When the puppy jumps, hold onto the leash so the puppy cannot reach the stranger. The stranger should just stand there and ignore the puppy. When the pup checks back in with you, reward him! Then ask him to HEEL again. Keep working on this until he is more focused on you than the stranger. The "stranger" can gradually become more exciting, depending on how the puppy is handling it. The goal is NOT to make the puppy jump and set him up for failure; the goal with set-ups is to present a less challenging version of the distraction and manage the puppy's bursts of arousal. If the puppy pulls towards the stranger and appears to be "revving up", that is pre-jumping behavior and is an excellent place to start.

The more set-ups like this you can do, the easier it will be to manage the puppy around distractions. We are not expecting the puppy to never jump; what we are looking to do is to reduce the frequency and the persistence. Very persistent jumpers are annoying at best and unsafe at worst. They will often keep jumping in spite of corrections. Working with collar pressure is a very effective way to teach an alternative behavior.

The key here is to work on set ups frequently, rather than waiting for a “real life” situation to try to train. Often, in “real life” situations, the dog gets over his threshold too quickly and is too revved up to focus on the handler. Start with lower-intensity distractions and build up to more excited, “crazy person” greetings.

Another option is to have the dog facing you for greetings, rather than the stranger. Encourage the stranger to calmly pet the dog on his back, rather than getting in the dog’s face or petting him on the head. You can reward the dog for paying attention to you, and he will not have the social pressure of a stranger in his face. If he jumps, he will have to turn away from you to do it, so you have an extra half a second to shorten the leash and take a step away from the stranger; the dog will reach the end of the leash and self-correct, plus have a chance to re-engage with you and get set up in the proper position again.

Finally, a third option would be to practice passing by a friendly stranger. Warm up with some loose leash walking, then have the “stranger” pass by you and talk to or reach out for the puppy. Do not stop moving; keep the puppy with you using pressure on the leash, and reward him when he re-engages with you. As he gets the idea of the exercise, only reward him when he sticks with you instead of trying to socialize with the stranger. For some dogs, keeping moving past a stranger makes it easier for them to be successful in choosing not to jump, rather than remaining stationary for a greeting.

In this month's video, I work the three techniques with Idunn and a friendly stranger. The stranger is able to progress to a high pitched, typical "excited greeter" squealing voice. She stays far enough away though that Idunn does NOT jump. Idunn is excited, but makes good choices and is rewarded for these. It becomes increasingly difficult to distract her. With some dogs, we may not have progressed to having the stranger use an excited voice in a single session, but Idunn has had a lot of foundation work and is showing good understanding of the training game.

Growing up Idunn - jumping from Southeastern Guide Dogs on Vimeo.

Collar pressure protocol – Problem solving: Food distraction

One big challenge when training retrievers is food distraction. Retrievers tend to think with their stomachs, and dogs in general are opportunistic scavengers. Guide dogs especially need to be able to ignore food distractions. Not only are there crumbs under tables to ignore, but unthinking strangers will actually offer a guide dog food.

The great thing about using food in training is it provides an opportunity to teach when it is appropriate to take food, and when it is not.

Food on the ground 

Once you have taught collar pressure protocol, you can up the ante by adding distractions. Have the puppy in a SIT in heel position, with the leash loose but short. Toss the food several feet in front of you (well out of reach of the puppy). The puppy will probably lunge for the food. Allow him to reach the end of the leash. Note: the leash should be short enough that he does not hit the leash hard and hurt himself.

Allow him to stare at the treat or attempt to get it for as long as he wants. When he looks back at you, or at least relaxes his attempts to pursue the kibble, give him a reward from your hand. Do not allow him to get the treat off of the ground.

Do NOT give the puppy extra cues or tugs on the leash. Just keep the leash short enough that the puppy cannot reach the food. Wait him out. A visually impaired handler will not be able to see the food distraction ahead, so do not say “leave it” or any other command while you are working this. The goal is to teach the puppy to leave the food ON HIS OWN, without any external cues. Only when he checks in with you does he receive praise and a reward. This will be familiar to him if you have been working on the collar pressure protocol. We want the puppy to have a new default behavior: if the handler stops and the puppy feels pressure on the collar, we want him to “check in” for further instructions. This is also good training for you as a handler; it is much more effective to give commands or instructions to a dog when he is paying attention to you and has acknowledged your existence.

With a very young puppy, I don’t worry much if he occasionally drops a reward and then picks it up off of the ground. However, as he gets older, I make it a point to only allow him to have treats from my hand. This can help with scavenging; however, dogs are opportunistic scavengers so you will still have to set it up many, many times before the dog can regularly override his instinct to grab every piece of food in sight.

By setting up “treat tosses”, the puppy starts to learn that you are a sure thing, while food on the ground is not. Be opportunistic in your set-ups: if you are at a grocery store and there is a spill down an aisle, work up to it and stop short of where the puppy can reach it. Be sure that you are far enough away and that your leash is short enough that he can’t reward himself by pulling it towards him with his feet or lunging suddenly. Allow him to look at it, stare, lean towards it, etc., while you stand absolutely still and wait him out. When he finally relaxes the leash and checks in with you, reward him and walk away from the spill. Repeat the game several times, asking him to HEEL or SIT after he checks in with you before rewarding him. Ask for higher standards of behavior as he starts to learn.

If the puppy tends to be treat bag distracted, put the treat bag on the ground. Have a kibble or two hidden in your hand. Walk towards the treat bag, following the same protocol: stop short of where the puppy can reach it, and reward him when he WILLINGLY looks away from the treat bag, WITHOUT a cue from the handler. As he improves, walk him up to the treat bag, put him in a SIT/STAY, and make him wait while you get a treat out of the bag to bring to him as a reward. (Bonus tip: if you have a counter surfer, practicing this same game with the treat bag on the counter can help teach appropriate kitchen behavior)

In the following video, Idunn and I work with tossed kibble first, then work with the treat bag as a distraction. The treat bag is actually easier for her to ignore, and she shows great patience when I retrieve her reward (probably because of the foundation work she had with impulse control, as demonstrated in her first video!). But working around the little bits of kibble on the ground is very challenging. This will take lots of practice and repetition for her to become reliable around "spilled kibble".

Collar pressure - Food distraction 1 from Southeastern Guide Dogs on Vimeo.

Food from other people 

This is an excellent exercise to practice at a puppy meeting or anywhere that you have helpful “distractors”. The distractor will have food or some other tempting item in his or her hand; your job will be to use collar pressure and patience to teach the puppy to not take food.

Depending on the age, distraction level, and skill of your puppy, you may want to try walking them past the distractor (beginner level) or seated in HEEL position (more advanced level). Walking past the distractor is less pressure on the dog than trying to stay still and resist temptation.

The distractor’s job will be to show the dog the food in a non-teasing way. They can approach and stop a few feet away, opening a hand to display some treats. If the puppy reaches towards them, they can just close their hand around the treats. Your job will be to allow the puppy lean towards or otherwise attempt to get the treats (but prevent him from actually succeeding) and to reward him when he returns attention to you. Try to resist the urge to correct him or give him instruction. Because this is a set-up and a very controlled situation, it is a great opportunity for the puppy to make a choice to leave the food.

As the puppy improves, raise the bar on the behavior before you give a treat. At first, you can reward him as soon as he looks back at you, but then start withholding the reward until he looks back at you, then responds to the HEEL command. Then, only give him a treat reward when he doesn’t attempt to grab the distractor’s food at all.

In the following video, we set Idunn up with a stranger approaching with a peanut butter cracker. You can see in the video that being seated at HEEL is very difficult for Idunn, probably because not only does she find the cracker distracting, but she is VERY distracted by people coming to say hello to her. We actually don’t make as much progress as I would like during this portion, so we switch to having the stranger stationary and holding the cracker, while Idunn and I pass by. She is much more successful with this technique. These set-ups are designed for the dog to succeed; our first attempt was too difficult and she was having trouble getting the right answer.

In the final portion, we switch back to Idunn in HEEL position and this time the stranger slows down her approach when she sees Idunn getting excited. This helps Idunn be successful. Although she shifts position a lot and has a tough time holding perfectly still, she tries extremely hard to maintain position and is not challenging to handle at all.

Collar pressure - Food distraction 2 from Southeastern Guide Dogs on Vimeo.

There are generally two ways to handle food distraction. One is to set the dog up and correct her when she fails. The other is to gradually work towards greater distractions and reward the dog when she succeeds. In this case, it is especially relevant because Idunn is a very soft dog, who is sensitive to verbal or collar corrections. If you re-watch the videos, you will see some mild compressions in her body language (especially when she is leaning towards the stranger, or when she is offering behaviors and trying to figure out the right answer). In the second video in particular, notice her jump at 0:58, as the stranger walks away and startles her. She is a dog who is trying very hard and does not want to be incorrect. Correcting her will only make her more afraid to be “wrong”. We realized that we were actually pushing her too hard and needed to work more under her distraction threshold. For a 9-month old puppy such as Idunn, the onus is on us as handlers to lay a good training foundation, set the dog up to succeed, and gradually raise the expectations of behavior.

Collar pressure protocol pt. 2

Last month, we discussed how to start teaching the puppy to respond appropriately to collar pressure. Because dogs exhibit opposition reflex against pressure, we have to actively teach to move with collar pressure, rather than against it. Be sure to review the first exercise with the puppy (Collar pressure response in HEEL position), as explained in last month’s entry.  

Collar pressure response during LET’S GO

On a walk, you and the puppy will encounter many distractions. Start early teaching the puppy that tightening of the leash/collar means to focus on the handler.

To start, walk with the puppy until he begins to pull towards something, such as a scent. Stop walking, shorten the leash, and keep a constant tension on the leash. Do NOT try to pull or steer the puppy; simply keep a constant tension until the puppy looks up at you or at least moves towards you. Immediately mark the behavior with “YES”, loosen any remaining tension on the leash, and treat.

Within a few repetitions, the puppy should be starting to turn towards you within seconds of feeling the leash tighten. This usually results in “ping pong” walking, where the puppy surges forward, feels the leash tighten, comes back for a treat, then surges forward again. That’s a good sign; that means the puppy is learning. It also means it is time to move on to the next step.

Once you have achieved “ping pong” walking, start delaying the reward. So the leash tightens and the puppy comes towards you to loosen it. Praise him, direct him to your left side and resume the walk. After a few steps, reward him in position at your left side.

Now the puppy is learning that he gets rewarded only when he walks nicely; the fact that leash tension loosens and the walk continues is also part of the reward.

Use the Collar Pressure protocol when the puppy is looking at a distraction that he can’t reach (small animal distractions, dogs in the distance, etc.) or when he is leaning away from you towards a distraction (scent in the grass, blowing leaves, etc.). The reason that the Collar Pressure protocol works is the dog is having to make the choice to leave the distraction. You as the handler are making the choice easier for him by making it mildly uncomfortable (tight leash) when he is interacting with the distraction, and making it rewarding (treats, loose leash) when he chooses to interact with you instead. When a dog makes a conscious choice like that, he is putting himself back into a “thinking” state of mind, rather than a revved-up, instinctive state of mind.

Collar pressure pt 2 from Southeastern Guide Dogs on Vimeo.

In this month's video, two puppies are featured. The first is Birdie, who is 4 months old. She is distracted by scents, a dead frog, and the fenced-in yard where she often plays.  I start walking once I have her attention and, as expected, it only lasts a few steps. Once she disengages from me at 0:14, I stop, preventing her from reaching the dead frog she is hopefully gazing at. She is rewarded once she checks in with me, and we have a pleasant few steps. She shows hesitation at a puddle; is she distracted or concerned? I'm not sure, but I would handle either response in the same way. I stop so there is mild pressure on the leash and wait her out. If she is having a concerned response, just giving her a few moments helps her resolve it and she decides to walk nicely through the water (which earns her a treat).

In the next segment, starting at 0:44, she has picked up her pace because she has spotted the play yard. We do some starting and stopping, and she does not get a treat every time she checks in. Sometimes, the reward is that the walk continues. This is helpful when the dog is amped up. She wants to keep walking, so getting back to the walk quickly is rewarding. When we turn away from the play yard (the thing she REALLY wants), her pace slows (with disappointment?) so her reward schedule goes up.

You can see how short her attention span is, but also how quickly she picks up on the game. Lots of directional changes keep it interesting for her, and she starts offering check-ins more often. Puppies of this age don't need long walks around the neighborhood; they benefit from frequent, short walks like this.

In the second part of the video, I am back to working with Idunn, who is now 8 months old. Compare how quickly Idunn responds and the level of skill she demonstrates; I started working on this with her when she was Birdie's age. I wanted this video to show "reality": we have JUST walked outside so Idunn is excited. A history with collar pressure protocol means she gets under control very quickly. Notice that at 1:20, she starts to speed up. I put my hand on the leash in anticipation of this so she comes to the end of the leash (without hurting herself or me). I do NOT apply a correction.

Just as with Birdie, she has a destination in mind: in this case, the grass ahead and possibly the fenced-in play yard as well. So we keep up the momentum. She gets to move forward when she checks in with me and starts to move back into heel position. She has a much longer history working with collar pressure, so her check-ins are almost immediate.

Of course she picks up a random acorn off of the ground. So I decide to work her past that spot again. It doesn't take me long at all, but that extra few seconds to re-work that area will make a difference for her long-term.

In the next segment, we are working along the road headed towards the play yard. I call her back to heel when I don't have her attention and start walking; I do not give her a treat. At 1:56, she is speeding up her pace, but she catches herself before she reaches the end of the leash and slows down so that she is back in heel position. Go Idunn! That DEFINITELY gets a reward. She does it again at 2:05.

She picks up an acorn, which I missed until I noticed her crunching on something. See, it happens to me too!

Overall, with just a few minutes of warm-up, Idunn offers me very nice walking and demonstrates self-control. The best part is that it required very little physical strength, and Idunn started targeting the nice heel position at my left side.

Leash walking is one of the hardest skills to teach a puppy. Working in this manner and teaching the puppy to CHOOSE the right position takes time, but it results in an enthusiastic pup who is more in tune to the handler. It also helps with management and problem solving. Next month, we'll talk about using collar pressure to problem solve behaviors such as jumping or animal distractions.

Growing Up Idunn: Collar pressure protocol, pt 1

Dogs tend to respond to collar pressure by pulling or lunging harder. Teaching the following collar pressure protocol will help the dog to understand appropriate collar response, will set attention as a default behavior, and will also allow you to work with and assess the puppy on a loose leash.

Collar pressure response in HEEL position

The first steps in teaching appropriate collar response are to teach the dog that the food rewards come to the puppy, rather than allowing the puppy to lurch forward for the reward.

Have the puppy on a short leash at your left side and hold the treat just out of reach. While the puppy is reaching for the treat, keep a constant tension. When the puppy relaxes and loosens the leash, immediately bring the treat to the puppy.

Practice this over several sessions and the puppy will understand how to wait for the reward; he will also learn that straining against the leash does not get him what he wants, while loosening the leash and being patient will result in a reward.

Once you have established the habit of bringing the treat to the puppy, maintain it. When the puppy is in a stationary HEEL position, always bring the treat to the puppy, rather than allowing him to stretch forward for it or swinging around. Try to reward near your left leg. Correct treat placement will help prevent the dog from swinging out or mugging the handler for treats.

(Note: you can do the above technique with any equipment, including no-pull harnesses)

Idunn video

Collar pressure protocol pt 1 from Southeastern Guide Dogs on Vimeo.

In this month's video, we are focusing on Idunn's tendency to swing out from heel position (searching for treats), and her dog distraction.

In the first few seconds, I hold the treat out in front of Idunn while she is seated in heel position, following the above Collar Pressure Protocol. I keep the leash short enough that she cannot reach the treat, and so that she feels pressure on her collar.  Note, my hand placement is not perfect (I have it a little too close/teasing), but despite my error, she figures it out anyway.

At 0:07, I try to give her the treat and she stretches her head quickly forward, so I pull it away. I probably could have done this part slower (but again, she figures it out). At 0:11, I don't want her to get frustrated, so when she stretches out a little bit slower, I bring the treat all the way to her.

We set up to try it again, and at 0:24, not only is she not lunging for the treat, but she looks up at me. She is sitting squarely on her haunches waiting for the treat, so I bring it to her.

At 0:29, she illustrates a common problem. She swings her butt out, and eventually ends up in front of me, looking for a treat. We have worked on the "Heel" position and hind end awareness (as seen in earlier videos). So when I ask her to "Heel", she responds well and initiates the command, but she ends up crooked. Here is where I have some choices. I could lure her into a better position to review the hind end awareness game. I could physically scoot her butt in using my hand (not my preferred method, but sometimes I will use it in a management, "get the dog out of the way" situation). Or I could ask her again, using extra cues (such taking a small step with my foot and using a hand signal).

Based on her history with the command, and the fact that she appears to be on the cusp of understanding, I decide to re-command her. She isn't "wrong", she just isn't quite right yet.

I use gradually increasing cues. My goal is to use the lowest level of "extra help" possible. I start with small hand signals, then add a small step, then a bigger hand signal and a bigger step. She has a great position at 0:48 after a few tries. I bring the treat to her, right at the pant seam of my left leg, and she waits for the treat to arrive this time. I decide to give her another treat and try the Collar Pressure Protocol again. She waits for the treat and doesn't lunge forward. Good dog! She is learning patience and impulse control.

At 1:00, I ask for a heel again. It only takes two tries and low-level cues for her to get the positioning correct. Notice how she waits for the treats and does not move out of position. Then we practice some general loose leash walking. This is a great warm-up exercise. It also is a good way to work on precision with an experienced dog who tends to be out of position. She is learning how to move her own body into the heel position, without external force (such as being guided by the leash or tucked in with my hand).

Next, we work on dog distraction with a puppy. Because of our warm-up, she was not as distracted as I expected her to be. But it's a good exercise to observe nonetheless.

Golden puppy Birdie, handled by Amber, is excited to see her play buddy. However, we do not allow the pups to meet. At 1:42, they have definitely noticed each other. I ask Idunn for a better "Heel" and Amber has Birdie "Sit". They are far enough away from each other that they can function and think. Idunn and I "doodle around", walking in a random pattern. I like to keep dogs moving to prevent too much eye contact/excitement around other pups.

Notice, starting at 2:01, that I am not asking for precise position in Idunn's loose leash walk. Birdie is "doodling around" as well, which makes her more distracting. I give Idunn enough leash that she can make choices. Too short of a leash means she is too easily "wrong". At 2:04, the leash briefly tightens as Idunn slows to look at Birdie. I turn to face Idunn but I keep moving, and when she refocuses on me, I praise her and help her to move back into position. We pass Birdie again, and she looks but refocuses on me quickly: that gets a treat.

Amber, meanwhile, is trying to regain Birdie's attention. She does a fantastic job. She does not continuously call Birdie or tug on the leash; instead, she allows Birdie to look at Idunn. She attempts to lure Birdie's attention onto her once, but when that doesn't work, she just waits. So much of good dog training/puppy raising is simply PATIENCE. Nothing is fast or immediate in good dog training. If you actually count, it takes Amber 15 seconds to regain Birdie's attention. In that time, she only asks for Birdie's attention twice and patiently waits the rest of the time. At 2:17, Birdie realizes that sitting there staring at another dog is kind of boring; she much prefers to work for her handler. So she checks back in and starts walking beautifully.

This is my preferred way to deal with dog distraction. We don't start with a face-to-face on leash meeting; instead, the priority is attention on the handler. We also didn't generally have the dogs facing each other. Even when they appeared to be facing each other, they were "off center". If both handlers had started walking a straight line, we would have passed by each other with several feet of space in the middle. This sets the dogs up for success. Face-to-face greetings (in evaluations such as the Canine Good Citizen test) are very advanced exercises that ask a lot of the dog. Start with off-center distractions, and work on passing by the dog distractions first.

These dogs ultimately were rewarded by having some off-leash play time together in the fenced yard. That allowed them to blow off some steam. However, they don't always have to greet each other as a reward. The primary focus when a puppy is on leash should be on manners and attentiveness to the handler.